Vesicle

In cell biology, a vesicle is a relatively small and enclosed compartment, separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer. Vesicles store, transport, or digest cellular products and wastes.

This biomembrane enclosing the vesicle is the same as that of the outer (cellular) membrane. They are a basic tool of the cell to organize its metabolism. Vesicles are used for digestive purposes, as transport vessels, as an enzyme storage, and as chemical reaction chambers. Many vesicles are made in the Golgi apparatus, but also in the endoplasmic reticulum, or are made from parts of the plasma membrane.

Lysosomes (membrane-bound digestive vesicles) can digest macromolecules (break them down to small compounds) that were taken in from the outside of the cell by an endocytic vesicle. This is the basic way for a cell to feed (except for photosynthesis in plants, which don't have lysosomes). The membrane of the lysosome is impermeable for lysozyme, the enzyme that does the actual digestion, to protect the cell interior from being digested by its own enzyme. Lysosomes are made in the Golgi apparatus.

Neurons store neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles located at presynaptic terminals.

Transport vesicles

Transport vesicles can move molecules between locations inside the cell, e.g., proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, and from there to the outer cell membrane, where they are secreted. They do this by budding off from one compartment and joining to another.

Anterograde transport vesicles

These are foreward moving vesicles.

Retrograde transport vesicles

These vesicles move from later to earlier cisterna.

Vesicles can be used as reaction chambers for chemical reactions that could damage the cell if they would occur in the cytosol. For example, peroxisomes are detoxifiers of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a toxic byproduct of cell metabolism. Large storage vesicles are known as vacuoles.

Mechanisms

Assembly of a protein coat drives vesicle formation and selection of cargo molecules.

Vesicle coat

The vesicle coat serves to sculpt the curvature of a donor membrane, and to select specific proteins as cargo. It selects cargo proteins by binding to sorting signals. In this way the vesicle coat clusters selected membrane cargo proteins into nascent vesicle buds.

See also: micelle

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