Union Army

The Union Army refers to the United States Army during the American Civil War. The Union Army is also known as the Northern Army, and the Federal Army.

History of the Union Army

Secession and the Beginning of the war

The United States of America was in crisis in 1861. Secessionist firebrands and radicals in the South had won out over the more moderate voices, and secession was spreading like wildfire. By early April 1861, seven Southern states had already seceded from the Union, with four more threatening secession. See: Origins of the American Civil War.

The states that seceded formed a new government, called the Confederate States of America. This new Southern government saw Fort Sumter, a fort on the coast of South Carolina, as "the presence of a foreign force" on its territory, since Fort Sumter's commanding officer and men were still loyal to the Union. On direct orders from the Confederate government, Confederate forces attacked the fort On April 12th, 1861. Fort Sumter surrendered the next day. The war had begun.

Formation of the Union Army

In April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the US Army. What made matters worse was that many soldiers and officers in the US Army who were from the South resigned and joined the Confederate Army after secession and the attack on Fort Sumter (One of the resigning officers was Robert E. Lee, who had initially been offered the job as commander of the Union Army. Lee would become the commander of the Confederate Army instead). With the rebelling Southern states declaring independence and declaring war, and with the shortage of men in the Army, President Abraham Lincoln called on the states to provide 75,000 men for three months to put down the insurrection in the South. The war would prove to be longer and bigger than anyone had expected, and on July 22nd, 1861, Congress authorized a volunteer army of 500,000 men.

At first, the call for volunteers was easily met by Northerners with abolitionist feelings (those who sympathized with John Brown, for instance), and enthusiastic immigrants (Over 6,000 Germans in New York immediately responded to Lincoln's call for volunteers, and another 4,000 Germans in Pennsylvania also joined. The French were also among those quick to volunteer). As more and more men were needed, the number of willing volunteers fell. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, 2.8 million men would serve in the Union Army. The vast majority were volunteers, although some were drafted.

Leaders

Several men served as commanders of the Union Army throughout its existence, among them George McClellan, "Fightin' Joe" Hooker, and George Meade. All of them were replaced for one reason or another. In March 1864, president Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant General-in-Chief of the Union Army. Grant was the commander of the Union Army from then until the surrender of the Southern armies some 13 months later. Grant led the Union Army in delivering the final knockout punches to the Confederacy by decisively defeating the Confederate Army in many fierce battles in Virginia, eventually capturing the capital of the Confederacy itself, Richmond (something McClellan, Hooker, and Irvin McDowell, the original commander of the Union Army in the spring of 1861, had all tried to do and failed).

Grant had critics who complained about the atrociously high numbers of casualties that the Union Army suffered while he was in charge, but Lincoln would not replace Grant, because, in Lincoln's words: "I cannot spare this man. He fights." (a reference to what was viewed as the over-cautiousness that McClellan and others had displayed early in the war)

Union Victory

Grant's decisive victories made sure that the Civil War ended with the unconditional surrender of the rebelling Southern states (northern newspapers of the day hailed U. S. Grant as "Unconditional Surrender" Grant), as opposed to a conditional surrender wherein the rebelling states would be allowed to have autonomy and keep slavery. Southern diplomats had been trying to negotiate conditional surrender since the decisive defeat that the Confederate Army suffered at Gettysburg, but President Lincoln and General Grant would not hear of it. Both men agreed that the Union Army would have to smash the Confederate Army in the field of battle, and stop the rebellion. Anything short of that would be a failure.

That goal was achieved on April 9th, 1865. On that day, Confederate Commander Robert E. Lee officially surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse (the tired and beaten Southern forces had already been surrendering en masse to the Union Army for several weeks). That day officially marked the end of the bloodiest war in American history, the end of the Confederate States of America, and the beginning of the slow process of Reconstruction.

Casualties

2.8 million men served in the Union Army between its formation in April 1861 and the official surrender of Southern forces four years later. Of these, about 360,000 died in combat, from injuries sustained in combat, or from disease; and 275,000 were wounded. 1 out of every 4 Union soldiers was killed or wounded during the war. This is by far the highest casualty ratio of any war that America has ever been involved in (For comparison: In World War II, 1 out of every 16 American soldiers was killed or wounded. In Vietnam, 1 out of every 22 American soldiers was killed or wounded).

In total, 620,000 men died during the Civil War. This is made all the more devastating by the fact that there were only 34 million Americans at that time, so 2% of the American population died in the war, 4% of the Male population. In today's terms, this would be the equivalent of 5.4 million American men being killed in a war. America never had another war that was anywhere near this devastating, before or since.

Ethnic Groups in the Union Army

The Union Army was incredibly diverse. Nearly 10% of Union soldiers were Black (although colored regiments did not see much combat), and 25% of Whites who served in the Union Army were foreign-born.

Of the 2.8 million Union soldiers:

1.1 million (38% of all Union soldiers) were Native-born Americans of British Isles (non-Irish) ancestry.
750,000 (27% of all Union soldiers) were German (216,000, 8% of all Union soldiers, were German-born). Robert E. Lee recognized that the Germans were such an integral part of the Northern Army. Lee said, "Take the Dutch [Deutsche] out of the Union Army and we could whip the Yankees easily."
400,000 (?) (14% of all Union soldiers) were Irish (170,000, 6% of all Union soldiers, were born in Ireland).
210,000 (8% of all Union soldiers) were Black. Half were freedmen who lived in the North, and half were ex-slaves or runaway slaves from the South. They served in more than 160 colored regiments, but only one-third of the colored regiments ever saw combat (one such colored regiment is dramaticized in the film Glory).
100,000 (?) (3% of all Union soldiers) were Dutch.
50,000 (2% of all Union soldiers) were born in Canada.
50,000 (2% of all Union soldiers) were born in England.
40,000 (1% of all Union soldiers) were French or French Canadian. (About half were born in America, the other half in Q�ebec)
20,000 were Scandinavian (nearly all of them were born in Norway, Sweden, or Denmark)
7,000 were Italian (nearly all were born in Italy)
7,000 were Jewish (many of them were foreign-born)
6,000 were Mexicans
5,000 were Poles
4,000 were Native American
Several hundred were: Hungarians, Portuguese, Chinese, Indians (born in India), and other nationalities

For comparison, the Confederate Army was not diverse at all. 95% of Confederate soldiers were of British Isles extraction, and only 4% were foreign-born. It is notable, however, that the Mexicans were the only ethnic group that had more men serve in the Confederate Army than in the Union Army. Perhaps 18,000 Mexicans and other Hispanics served in the Confederate Army (although most of them deserted), whereas only 6,000 served in the Union Army.

Many immigrant soldiers formed their own regiments, such as the Swiss Rifles (15th Missouri); the Gardes Lafayette (55th New York); the Garibaldi Guard (39th New York); the Martinez Militia (1st New Mexico); and the Polish Legion (58th New York). But for the most part, the foreign-born soldiers were scattered as individuals throughout units.

Desertions and Draft Riots

Desertion was a big problem in the Civil War for both sides. The daily hardships of war, forced marches, thirst, suffocating heat, disease, delay in pay, solicitude for family, impatience at the monotony and futility of inactive service, panic on the eve of battle, the sense of war weariness, the lack of confidence in commanders, and the discouragement of defeat (especially early on for the Union Army), all tended to lower the morale of the Union army and to increase desertion.

In 1861 and 1862, the war went badly for the Union Army, and there were, by some counts, 180,000 desertions. In 1863 and 1864, the bitterest two years of the war, the Union Army suffered over 200 desertions every day, for a total of 150,000 desertions during those two years. This puts the total number of desertions from the Union Army during the four years of the war at nearly 350,000. Using these numbers, 15% of Union soldiers deserted at some point during the course of the war. Official numbers put the number of deserters from the Union Army at 200,000 for the entire war, or about 8% of Union Army soldiers. It is estimated that 1 out of 3 deserters returned to their regiments, either voluntarily or after being arrested and being sent back.

Of all the ethnic groups in the Union Army, the Irish had the highest number of desertions per capita by far, by some accounts they deserted at a rate 30 times higher than Native-born Americans.

The Irish were also the main protagonists in the famous "Draft Riots" of 1863 (the film Gangs of New York is a dramatization of this event). As a result of the Enrollment Act, rioting began in several Northern cities, the most heavily hit being New York. What happened was that a mob, started by and consisting principally of Irish immigrants, rioted in the summer of 1863, with the worst violence occurring in July. The mob set fire to everything from African American churches and an orphanage to the office of the New York Tribune. The principal victims of the rioting were African Americans and activists in the anti-slavery movement. Eventually the Union Army was sent in and had to open fire to quell the violence and stop the rioters. By the time the rioting was over, 1,000 people had been killed or wounded.

External Links

Casualty data (http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/cwc/other/stats/warcost.htm)
Germans in the Civil War (http://www.liturners.org/germans_in_the_civil_war.htm)
Civil War Home: Ethnic groups in the Union Army (http://www.civilwarhome.com/ethnic.htm)
HistoryNet (http://www.thehistorynet.com/cwti/bl_common_soldier/)

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