Trade

Trade centers on the exchange of goods and/or services. Exchanges may take place between two parties (bilateral trade) or amongst more than two parties (multilateral trade). In its original form trade necessarily used barter and the exchange of goods and services of a recognized equal value desirable to both parties. Modern traders generally negotiate through the use of a medium of exchange, i.e. money, and rarely through barter: as a result one can separate buying and earning from selling. The invention of money (and subsequently of credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted the development of trade.

Most economists accept the non-obvious theory that trade benefits both parties, and reject the notion that all exchange must exploit one party. Trade exists largely because differences exist in the cost of production of some tradable commodity in different locations. As such, exchange at market prices between locations benefits both.

Empirical evidence for the success of trade can emerge when contrasting countries such as South Korea, which has adopted largely unfettered free-trade, with India, which has pursued a more protectionist policy. Countries such as South Korea have fared much better (when measured by economic criteria) than India, and others, over the past fifty years.

History of Trade

Internal and External Trade History
Barter
Silent trade
Introduction of Money
Trader castes
Chapmen
The Silk Route
The Rise of Banking
The Age of Discovery
Merchant Adventurers
Mercantilism
Trans-Atlantic Triangular Trade
Capitalism
Innovations in transport
Colonialism and neo-colonialism
Protectionism and free trade
Fair trade
The World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Commodities, Goods and Intellectual Property
Globalisation

Organisation of Trade

Different patterns of organising and administering trade include:

State control - trade centrally controlled by government planning.
Guild control - trade controlled by private business associations holding either de facto or government-granted power to exclude new entrants.
Free enterprise - trade without significant central controls; market participants engage in trade based on their own individual assessments of risk and reward, and may enter or exit a given market relatively unimpeded.

Trade

History of Trade

Organisation of Trade

Types of Trade

See also