Sindarin

Sindarin is an artificial language (or conlang) developed by J. R. R. Tolkien. In Tolkien's mythos, it was the Elvish language most commonly spoken in Middle-earth. It was the language of the Sindar, those Teleri which had been left behind on the Great Journey of the Elves. It was derived from an earlier language called Common Telerin. When the Ñoldor came back to Middle-earth, they adopted the Sindarin language, although they believed their native Quenya more beautiful. Before the downfall, most of the Men of Númenor also spoke the language. Knowledge of it was kept in the Númenorean realm in exile Gondor, especially amongst the learned. Sindarin is the language referred to as the Elven-tongue in The Lord of the Rings.

The written script alphabet of the Elven languages is typically Tengwar, although Cirth can also be used.

Tolkien originally imagined that the language which would become Sindarin was spoken by the Ñoldor (second clan of Elves). However, Tolkien later decided that it was the language of the Sindar. For this reason it is called Noldorin in the older material, such as the Etymologies. When Noldorin became Sindarin, it also adopted some features of the originally unrelated language Ilkorin. Tolkien based the sound and some of the grammar of his Noldorin/Sindarin on Welsh, and Sindarin displays of the consonant mutations that characterise the Celtic (especially Brythonic) languages.

Sindarin plurals are characterised by "i-affection", as Tolkien called it. The Sindarin term for this is prestanneth (disturbance, affection) and the English term is umlaut, a German word used to describe much the same process. Almost all Sindarin words form their plurals like English man/men and goose/geese — by changing the vowels in the word. For example, the plural of the Sindarin word adan meaning "human being" is edain. The reason for this is that the primitive plural ending -î (still present in Quenya as -i) affected the vowels in the word by making them higher and fronter. After this sound change occurred, the suffix -î disappeared because all final vowels were lost.

Sindarin has a complex series of mutations. These occur when a closely associated word (such as an article or a preposition) occurs before the mutated word, changing the mutated word's first consonant. Many times, the preposition also changes. Also, mutation occurs in many other places (to mention a few, in compounds (e.g. elvellyn, from mellyn, "friends") or in direct objects).

Sindarin verbs are also quite complex. The number of attested verbs in Sindarin is small, so the Sindarin verb system is imperfectly known; no verb has a full paradigm of forms available. Sindarin verbs are composed of several morphemes following the root, including a suffix marking tense and a suffix marking person/number. These morphemes are generally bound and are often variable in form, as is typical of synthetic languages such as Latin. The future tense is marked by an affix -th. Past tenses are marked in several ways, including 1) addition of a reduplicant prefix, 2) lengthening of the root vowel, 3) addition of a suffix or infix consisting of a nasal consonant, 4) addition of the suffix -nt. Many of the verbs are "irregular", in which the consistent results of historical sound changes produce a somewhat opaque and complex array of forms.

Sindarin is one of the two languages developed by Tolkien (the other being Quenya) that is developed enough that texts can be written with it.

During the First Age there were several dialects of Sindarin:

• Doriathrin or the language of Doriath, a form of the language which preserved many archaic forms;
• Falathrin or the language of the Falas, later also spoken in Nargothrond;
• North Sindarin, the dialects originally spoken in Dorthonion and Hithlum by the Sindar, these dialects contained many unique words and were not fully intelligible with the Sindarin of Beleriand proper.

With the exception of Doriathrin, the dialects were changed under Ñoldorin influence, and adopted many Quenya features, as well as unique sound changes devised by the Ñoldor (who loved changing languages). The distinct dialects disappeared after the Ñoldor and Sindar were dispersed during the later Battles of Beleriand. In the refuges on the Isle of Balar and the Mouths of Sirion a new dialect arose under the refugees, which mainly took after Falathrin. During the Second Age and Third Age Sindarin was a lingua franca for all Elves and their friends, until it was displaced as the Common tongue by Westron, a descendant of Adûnaic which was heavily influenced by Sindarin.

Sindarin is actually a Quenya term. The Sindarin word was perhaps Edhellen ("Elvish").

Reference

• The original version (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Sindarin&oldid=60522) of this article was written for Everything2.

See also

Languages of Middle-earth, Quenya, Middle-earth

External links

• Ardalambion, a site dedicated to the languages of Middle-earth (http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/)
  • Helge Fauskanger's Sindarin article (http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/sindarin.htm)
• Didier Willis' online Sindarin dictionary (http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/sindar/)
• I Lam Arth - The Noble Tongue (http://sindarin.weet.us/)
• Tol Elenath School of Sindarin (http://www.tolelenath.com/)

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